Modern Liberalism and Modern Conservatism

Dove Essays

Dove Essays Dove Essay Dove Essay Compare the video images to your own mental pictures and ideas about the poem. Has your understanding of the poem changed? 2. Review the structure of an effective interpretive sentence. Example 1 Consider the following question from Sound and a sample sentence like the kind you might construct. Remember that the structural elements of an interpretive sentence include: the context, a literary device, text examples, interpretation, and connecting words that create coherence. Question: Why are irregular lines, enjambment, and pauses within a line appropriate for a poem with a seaside setting? In Dover Beach complex rhythmic patterns capture the motion of waves rolling onto a seashore and withdrawing: short and long lines visually imitate the waves movement; enjambment and internal pauses echo the simultaneous but opposing forces of incoming waves and the underlying outward pull of the sea. Example 2 Consider the information in the first multiple-choice question from Meaning and a sample sentence like the kind you might construct. QUESTION 1: Each stanza of Dover Beach has a specific setting-?suggested through literal description, allusion, or metaphor. Choose the most accurate answer about eating and mood in the poem: A window view of the English Channel, evoking both peaceful and sad feelings Allusions to the glory of ancient Greece and the recurring tragedy of human misery The past glory of a metaphorical Sea of Faith and the present reality of melancholy The speakers wish for fulfillment and the despair of a metaphorical battle scene All of the above Sample Sentence: In all the stanzas of Dover Beach, language describing setting suggests positive and negative moods, a part of the larger motif of contrast conveyed by setting-?sea and land, present and past, real and advertorial places, the individual and society, national and universal identity. 3. Construct at least ten interpretive sentences. As resources, use the questions and answers from Meaning along with your writing. Consult the poem and the Glossary as needed. Many items may yield more than one sentence. QUESTION 2: In the style of the dramatic monologue, the speaker add resses a listener. Stanza 3 best illustrates this listeners absence from the speakers mind; the speaker seems lost in his melancholy thoughts, completely forgetting his lovers presence. RESPONSE WRITER: What is ironic bout the speakers attitude (given the romantic setting) and his lyric voice (given the definition of a dramatic monologue)? QUESTION 3: Analyze the language of the poem. The s sound occurs repeatedly as initial, medial, and end sounds in words throughout Dover Beach. The sibilants in the first stanza are sea, lies, straits, coast, Gleams, cliffs, stand, vast, sweet, spray, sea, meets, Listen, pebbles, waves, strand, cease, tremulous, cadence, slow, sadness RESPONSE WRITER: Observe the use of is sounds in the remainder of the poem as well. With specific examples, explain why the repetition of this mound is appropriate, given the setting and mood. QUESTION 4: In the first stanza of Dover Beach, the sea/land words and the words that refer to sound and visual images are Sea: sea, tide, straits, bay, spray, waves Land: coast, cliffs, land, pebbles, strand Sound: Listen, hear, grating roar, waves, cadence, note Visual Images: moon, light/Gleams, Glimmering, tranquil bay, moon-blanched RESPONSE WRITER: Observe the general locations of each of these four groups of words in the stanza. What do these examples of diction and imagery contribute to the poems motif of contrast and connected opposites? QUESTION 5: Diction conveys both positive and negative moods. The words in the first stanza that have positive connotations and those with negative connotations are Positive: calm, full, fair, gleams, glimmering, tranquil, sweet Negative: grating, roar, draw back, fling, tremulous, sadness RESPONSE WRITER: Think about the ideas and moods communicated through these contrasting patterns of words. Does moon-blanched land belong with the list of positive or negative connotations? Support your answer by commenting on the mean inning and locations of words with positive and negative connotations n this and the remaining stanzas of the poem. QUESTION 6: In the first stanza of Dover Beach, the motif of contrast and connected opposites is reinforced by all of these devices: 1 . Geographical details: Opposite shores of England and France are connected by water and the speakers viewpoint 2. Spatial details: Narrow window, close at hand, frames the distant sea and land 3. Reflective observation and direct address: Inward self-reflection merges with social interaction 4. Apparatus: Opposing movements of waves are connected by repeated coordinate conjunctions QUESTION 7: Despite its irregularity, the hymen scheme of Dover Beach has meaningful patterns. The end rhymes for words in the first stanza and their patterns are ABA: to-night, fair, light c:stand, land, strand db:bay, night-air, spray e:roar (rhymes with shore and roar in stanza 3) fog:fling, begin, bring in RESPONSE WRITER: How do these rhymes support the motif of contrast and connected opposites in Dover Beach? QUESTION 8: The following language choices and literary devices in the second stanza are parallel to an element of the first stanza: Allusions: Sophocles and the ?Egan parallel the speaker by he English Channel The pronoun it: Heard it refers to the grating roar; brought it parallels bring/The eternal note of sadness in The pronoun we: The pronoun we refers to the speaker and the listener in the first stanza Repetition: Repetition of Begin, and cease, and then again begin parallels ebb and flow QUESTION 9: Clarify the metaphor in the first three lines of the third stanza. Both the sea and the bright girdle furled are part of the vehicle. The best description of its tenor is IA universal faith once unified and enhanced human existence. The tenor of the metaphor is its abstract meaning.

Constitutionalizing Libel Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Constitutionalizing Libel Law - Assignment Example A statement no matter how hurtful if it turns out true, it cannot be sued. The first legal rule from the New York Times Co .v. Sullivan was the â€Å"first amendment to the united state constitution† which prohibits infringing the freedom of the press, and restricts the right to prohibit the petitioning for a governments redress of grievances. This adopted on December 1791. (Cornell University, N.P). Secondly was the â€Å"fourteenth amendment to the constitution of United States† which limits the actions of all state and local officials. It prohibits local government officials from relieving persons of life or belongings without the authorization of legislature (Nelson, 49).The common law defense applicable here is necessity. The newspaper author can say they did it to prevent further damage from occurring or to reduce/ stop the current damage. The mayor asks for the notes so that the jury can access the files point by point. This was crucial as it can provide some useful false information by the newspaper. The judge can agree with this as well as his request that the newspaper answer a series of questions. This would help unfold new facts and convince the mayor when a final verdict gets reached. The same rule that governs the mayor’s lawsuit does not wholly apply to President Ed Brown because his case has not been seriously mentioned or proven as the newspaper on ly said,† he has to know what is going on† . This is quite different because the mayors case was

Avatar (2009) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Avatar (2009) - Essay Example Avatar gives an enormously rewarding experience. Avatar (2009) was a production of Lightstorm Entertainment and released by the 20th Century Fox. Once again, after the Titanic, James Cameron captured headlines with a stunning and sensational production in a fictitious country called Pandora with a future setting of 2154. The film was not just a stir entertainment but also a technology breakthrough with plausible visual detailing. James Cameron invented a new language with new people, Na’vi, which doubtfully can be spoken by humans. As the story unfolds events, coupled with the language, you get the feeling to keep up with both the story and conversations. The film is a game-changer; to date no movie director has built a world of this scale, complexity and ambition. Avatar prompted rival directors to scramble to carry on with James Cameron with its amazing feast for both eyes and ears, with sequences and shots that boggle the mind. From the details of waterfalls flowing into nothingness and a floating mountain in the sky to the tiny details, of a paraplegic sinking his blue, new and operational toes into the sand are just amazing. The intensity of immersive face in Avatar is simply incredible. Cameron throws you straight in, without giving you a moment to contemplate. In a dizzyingly fast impressionistic introductory ten minutes, Cameron introduces us to everything we need to know about a film that runs for 150 minutes. He pictures Pandora’s climate and the largely deadly population of Na’zi, and he talks of Jake Sully’s condition, explain the Avatar programme including the hardnosed plans of the human attackers led by Stephen Lang (Col. Quaritch) and Selfridge (Giovanni Ribisi) and Carter Burke. Then, with no time, Cameron hit the film running, into an action sequence showing Jake the Avatar hardly surviving encounters with unsociable local wildlife. The story is set in 2154, close to One hundred years and counting or so

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, Leadership Styles of coaching Term Paper

SPORT PSYCHOLOGY, Leadership Styles of coaching - Term Paper Example Coaches are expected to be able to take a long view, observe, and make constructive criticism that allows the person to be the best they can be. â€Å"A coach usually sits on the sidelines and provides encouragement and advice to the players on the field. During time outs the coach helps the players to see the big picture of what is happening†¦ in a similar way, mentors can coach beginning teachers to connect theory with practice† (Boreen et al, 35). Mentoring and coaching can be very enlightening and positive ways for experienced leaders to reach those new to the team, but there are also risks to these strategies, as well as pros and cons to different leadership styles. Coaches may follow authoritative leadership roles, or be more confrontational to authority. Understanding leadership is very important to coaching professionals because they have to be able to differentiate between different leadership styles, use them appropriately, and find which is best for the situation. For example, the official leader in team development is different from the emergent leader in that there is more likelihood that the official leader will represent traditional organizational forces and the status quo. The emergent leader, on the other hand, may represent a challenge to this sense of tradition and status quo, and thus may present old issues in a new way or seek to change the basic organizational structure. It is likely that the coaching professional will therefore be more attracted to the emergent type of leadership than the traditional, but they should know the styles and characteristics of both. It is also likely that the emergent leader is going to have less of a solid bureaucratic support-structure than the official leader, and may not have the trad itional, conservative authority within a school or organization that an official leader has. The coach acting in an official leadership role may be less willing to take as many risks. Many also think

Effect of Hormones on Aggressive Behaviour

Effect of Hormones on Aggressive Behaviour The role of hormones in mediating aggressive behaviour How hormones can trigger and influence aggression in animals and humans has interested many researchers in the last six decades (Brooks-Gunn, Graber, Paikoff, 1994). Scientists realised soon that aggressive behaviours has to be always set in a larger context. The larger context can never be neglected while investigating complex human behaviours. This applies especially when considering the hormonal contributions to aggressive behaviour since far more than one link seems to exist between hormones and aggression. For instance, the hormonal control of parental, sexual and reproductive behaviour crucially determines aggression in both humans and animals. Parents of many animal species are increasingly aggressive while experiencing hormonal changes, for example, during lactation and parturition as they strive to defend their offspring from enemies (Beach, 1979). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the study on hormones and aggressive behaviour in the evolutionary context. Nonetheless it is not intended to conceptualise this evolutionary context without relation to other domains such as the social or cognitive one as these domains are inextricably linked. â€Å"A developmental perspective of aggression thus is based on the assumption that aggressive behavior is multidetermined and dynamic over the life span, and a product of a complex continuous interaction of the multiple psycho-bio-social changes.† (Ramirez, 2003; p.622). Aggression The fact that multiple modulators for aggression seem to exist makes it more difficult to reach conclusions. An additional problem is that the usage of the word aggression is too broad and there is yet not consensus over how it can be actually defined (Kavoussi, Armstead, Coccaro, 1997). Aggression has been predominantly related to an emotional state that individuals frequently describe as involving a strong drive to inflict harm and emotions of disregard and hate. However, overt aggression comes, in contrast to the described inner feeling of hate, in different forms. Predatory aggression, for instance, refers to the feeding behaviour of animals and is represented by attacks directed at natural prey. It has been demonstrated that the majority of vertebrates display aggression between two males of the same species while only some animals display maternal aggression. Fear-induced aggression, on the other hand, appears when an animal is anxious and/or incapable to escape from a perceiv ed dangerous situation. Irritable aggression, however, comes frequently close to uncontrollable rage and is triggered by immense pain or frustration (Rosenzweig, Breedlove, Reiman, 2002). Nelson (1995) reported how male sex hormones play a significant role in various forms of aggressive behaviour like for example in within-species social interactions and encounters. As a consequence, aggressive behaviour between males increases on the verge to sexual maturity. Experiments with male mice have demonstrated that their aggressiveness levels rise significantly during puberty while immature mice display more violent behaviours against each other when they are treated with androgens (McKinney Desjardins, 1973). Puberty and Hormonal Change Given the dramatic changes that occur in endocrine physiology at puberty, it is not surprising that increases in testosterone are hypothesized to be related to increases in aggression. This explains why testosterone has been the most investigated hormone in its research. The wealth of evidence supporting the ability of testosterone to facilitate aggressive behaviour in a broad number of mammal species has led to wonder about its potential role in human aggression. Wingfield and colleagues (1987) were among those researches who successfully demonstrated that the amount of displayed aggression in many species is related to the amount of seasonal testosterone change. Yet experiments with youths experiencing puberty yielded equivocal results. Book and collaborators (2001) for instance conducted a meta-analysis on 45 independent studies and came to the conclusion that the mean weighted correlation of these studies was only weakly positive (r = 0.14). This finding was congruent with Archer’s (1991) meta-analyses as he had also found rather marginally significant positive relationships between testosterone levels in humans and aggression. Experiments investigating the on the effects of castration on subjects illustrated more convincingly how inextricably aggressive behaviour is linked to hormones. Conclusively, castrated males displayed less aggressive behaviour due to the decreased androgen production. If, in turn, testosterone is injected into these castrated species one can again observe an increase in inter-male violent behaviour. Females are less often studies by researchers with regard to hormonal affects on aggression. This is due to the fact that males engage significantly more often in aggressive behaviour than females (e.g. number of male murderers is five times higher in the United States). Thus the predominant viewpoint among scientists is that males of most species are the more aggressive and violent sex. Consistently, recent research has found more support for a link between androgens and aggressive affect for boys entering puberty (Olweus et al., 1988) but less strong associations for girls (Paikoff Br ooks-Gunn, 1990). Nevertheless some studies found that in some species like Hamsters the female sex is more aggressive. However, this was not anymore the case when the female Hamsters entered the estrus stage. As a matter of fact, not all studies have supported the notion that the amount of hormones, especially androgens, is negatively associated to aggression levels. Ehrenkranz and colleagues (1974) for example demonstrated that testosterone levels of humans were positively related to aggressiveness while Kreuz and Rose (1972) could not find a significant correlation between levels of testosterone and aggressiveness in prisoners. Nonetheless Dabbs and Morris (1990) maintained with the help of their study on military veterans that testosterone levels can be linked at least to violent antisocial behaviour. More recently Dabbs and Hargrove (1997) revealed that high testosterone levels are a remarkable characteristic and predictor of female prisoners who are convicted of self-initiated violent crimes. At least two confounding variables exist Research has also demonstrated the existence of at least two confounding variable which have a significant influence on the relationship between hormones and aggressive behaviour. Bernstein and Gordon (1971) showed that both monkeys and mice who come out as winners of an aggressive interaction display increased testosterone levels whereas the losers experience a decrease in androgens. Consequently, the winners become more aggressive while the losers are less prone to exhibiting aggressive behaviour towards their own and other species. One could conclude that it was more a consequence rather than a cause that the more aggressive prisoners in Dabbs and Hargroves (1997) experiment had higher testosterone levels. Surprisingly not only the winners of aggressive encounters but also the triumphant of sport competitions experience observable increases in their testosterone levels. It goes further that this increase is not only experienced by those who actively participate and win in the spor ting event but is even experienced by those who support and cheer up the winning side or individual (Bernhardt, 1997). As even chess players display after having lost chess matches lower levels and after having won higher levels of testosterone it was concluded that another confounding variable mediates between aggression and testosterone because chess players are hardly aggressive in their normal behaviour. Regardless of these confounding variables sexual assaulters, aggressors and criminals have been often castrated in the past in order to decrease both their sex and aggression drives. The results of these studies reported that criminals were less susceptible to aggressive behaviour after having experienced a decrease in sex hormones induced by their castration (Brain, 1994). Nowadays, however, ethical issues and concerns have become increasingly important and thus it is debatable and questionable whether these kind of forced surgical interventions are ethically justifiable and tenable. Serotonin and Aggressive Behaviour The synaptic transmitter serotonin seems to have as well a profound impact on aggressive behaviour in both humans and animals. In contrast to testosterone, however, a negative association between aggression and brain serotonin activity has been reported in past studies. Higley and collaborators (1992), for instance, investigated the activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin in around 30 monkeys in an observational study. The researchers ranked the monkeys according to their aggressive activities on the island where they were freely living and compared their ranks with the amount of serotonin brain activity. Their results demonstrated that serotonin levels are negatively correlated with aggression. Virkkunen and Linnoila (1993) supported these findings with their own study. They showed that individuals who consume alcohol excessively have comparatively lower serotonin metabolites concentrations (e.g. HIAA concentrations) in their cerebrospinal fluid. These applied also to animal tort uring children (Kruesi, 1979) and due to aggressive behaviour expelled American Marines (Brown et al., 1979). As a matter of fact, serotonin levels are affected by environmental context and stimuli. Dominant and high ranking primates for example who stand on the top of the hierarchical social status ladder display greater serotonin levels than primates who rank lower in the pecking order. If however the higher ranked primates loses his social status he analogously experiences a decrease in serotonin levels. Testosterone and Aggressive Behaviour Schaal and colleagues (1996) investigated more recently the association between physical violence and social dominance of pubescent male youths and their respective testosterone levels. It was shown that less socially dominant youths had lower levels of testosterone in comparison to socially more dominant peers who possess concurrently bigger amounts of testosterone amounts. Nevertheless, this finding could not be repeated with aggression levels as those pubescent youths who were perceived as more aggressively behaving had significantly lower testosterone concentrations than those males who had a low history of being physically aggressive and violent. Thus it was concluded that testosterone was related not so much to antisocial characteristics than to experienced social status. In other words, those who successfully achieve higher social dominance statuses experience an increase in testosterone while those who fail to gain high social status face a reduction in their testosterone pro duction. Experiments with younger children (e.g. 5-year-olds) it was found that boys with higher testosterone concentrations were more playfully aggressive in social interactions. However, this relationship could neither be established with girls nor in play contexts (Ahedo et al., 2002). This again implies that testosterone levels are not solely a modulator of aggressive behaviour but rather a mediator of any kind of social behaviour. Additionally, Ahedo and collaborators study demonstrated that sex differences in behaviour establish themselves already very early on in life. In another study (van Goozen et al., 1998) the androstenedione, testosterone, dehdroepiandrostenedione (DHEA) levels in prepubescent boys exhibiting antisocial conduct disorders was examined. Van Goozen and colleagues results revealed that antisocial conduct disordered infants’ aggressiveness was not significantly relatable to testosterone. However, the more antisocially behaving boys had significantly higher than average androstenedione levels and modestly higher than average DHEAS levels. Researchers like Ramirez (2003) believed that studies such as these have the power to shadow doubt on the validity of testosterone as a biological control system for aggressive behaviour in postnatal life. Even later on in life testosterone levels seem only to represent the consequence rather than a cause of aggression as testosterone does not immediately lead people to be physically aggressive but their aggression is solely a response to cognitive and social stimuli and triggers (Brain Su sman, 1996). Studies on observed changes in concentration levels of testosterone and cortisol during aggressive behaviour and social stress serve as support for those researchers maintaining that both the evolutionary and social contexts and experiences have an essential impact on hormonal levels in humans. Thus â€Å"gonadal hormones, besides being only one of the multiple processes -biological, social, and cognitive, to influence aggression in children and adolescents, might also be a signal of aggression, or even more precisely perhaps, of social success.† (Ramirez, 2003; p. 630). These findings about serotonin and testosterone are according to Ramirez (2003) of utmost importance as they demonstrate that that experiences made in life can alter both brain chemistry and hormonal production in fundamental ways. Thus it can be noted that social context and hormonal activities in the body and brain are inextricably linked. Past researches on abnormal (van Goozen et al., 2000) and normal (Nottelmann et al., 1987; Inoff-Germain et al., 1988) male and female children have revealed univocal associations between high hormone levels of adrenal origin like androstenedione or dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate and aggression together with diverse other negative attributes such as antisocial behaviour, rebelliousness and anger. Furthermore, the fact that androstenedione which is a prevalent producer of androgens is linked to anger in females suggests that adrenal and not gonadal originated androgens play a fundamental part in determining the aggressive behaviour of the female sex. In addition to that, it has been found that serotonin is not the sole mediator of aggression but also noradrenergic, neuropeptides and GABA systems have been demonstrated to have an impact on aggressive behaviour. Additionally, estrogens, gonadotrophins, and prolactine have been identified as minor modulators. Thus, genetic and pharma cological experts have essentially extended the number of relevant hormones and neurotransmitters in the last couple of years (Nelson Chiavegatto, 2001). In conclusion, all the above findings fortify and support the currently predominant notion that aggression is not mediated by only one factor but by a network of many interplaying variables. References Ahedo, L., Cardas, J., Aizpiroz, A., Brain, P. F., Sanchez-Martin, J. R. (2002). Social behavior in male and female 5-year olds and its relation to salivary testosterone levels. The developmental origins of aggressive behavior (p. 53). Montreal: ISRA. Archer, J. (1991). The influence of testosterone on human aggression. British Journal of Psychology, 82, 1–28. Beach, F.A. (1979). Aggressive Behavior. Hormones and Aggression, 5(3), 313-316. Bernhardt, P. C. (1997). Influences of serotonin and testosterone in aggression and dominance: convergence with social psychology. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2(6), 44-48. Bernstein, I. S., and Gordon, T. P. (1974). The function of aggression in primate societies. American Scientist, 62, 304-311. Book, A. S., Starzyk, K. B., Quinsey, V. L. (2001). The relationship between testosterone and aggression: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 6(6), 579–599. Brain, P. 1994. Hormonal aspects of aggression and violence. In A. Reiss, Jr., K. Miczek, and J. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 2., pp. 173-244 Washington DC: National Academy Press. Brain, P. F., Susman, E. J. (1996). Hormonal aspects of antisocial behavior and violence. In D. M. Stoff, J. Maser, J. Maser (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior ( pp. 314–323). Hillsdale: Laurence Erlbaum. Brooks-Gunn, J. Graber, J.A., Paikoff R.L. (1994). Studying links between hormones and negative affect: models and measures. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 4(4), 469-486. Brown, G. L., Goodwin, F. K., Ballenger, J. C., Goyer, P. F., et al. (1979). Aggression in humans correlates with cerebrospinal fluid amine metabolites. Psychiatry Research, 1, 131-139. Dabbs, J. M., Jr., and Hargrove, M. F. (1997). Age, testosterone, and behaviour among female prison inmates. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59, 477-480. Dabbs, J. M., Jr., and Morris, R. (1990). Testosterone, social class and antisocial behavior in a sample of 4.462 men. Psychological Science, 1(3), 209-211. Ehrenkranz, J., Bliss, E., and Sheard, M. H. (1974). Plasma testosterone: correlation with aggressive behaviour and social dominance in man. Psychosomatic Medicine, 36, 469-475. Higley, J. D., Mehlman, P. T., Taub, D. M., Higley, S. B., et al. (1992). Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine and adrenal correlates of aggression in free-ranging rhesus monkey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 436-441. Kavoussi, R., Armstead, P., Coccaro, E. (1997). The neurobiology of impulsive aggression. Psychiatry Clinic North America, 20(2), 395–403. Kreuz, L. E., Rose, R. M. (1972). Assessment of aggressive behaviour and plasma testosterone in a young criminal population. Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 321-332. Kruesi, M. J. (1979). Cruelty to animals and CSF 5HIAA. Psychiatry Research, 28, 115-116. Inoff-Germain, G. E., Arnold, G. S., Nottelmann, E. D., Susman, E. J., Cutler, G. B., Chrousos, G. P. (1988). Relations between hormone levels and observational measures of aggressive behavior of early adolescents in family interactions. Developmental Psychology, 24, 129–139. McKinney, T.D., and Desjardins, C. (1973). Postnatal development of the testis, fighting behaviour, and fertility in house mice. Biology of reproduction, 9, 279-294. Nelson, R. J. (1995). Introduction to behavioural endocrinology. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates. Nelson, R. J., Chiavegatto, S. (2001). Molecular basis of aggression. Trends in Neurosciences, 24(12), 713–719. Nottelmann, E. D., Susman, E. J., Dorn, L. D., et al. (1987). Developmental processes in American early adolescents: Relationships between adolescent adjustment problems and chronological pubertal stage and puberty-related serum hormone levels. Journal of Pediatrics, 110, 473–480. Olweus, D., Mattsson, A., Schalling, D., Low, H. (1988). Circulating testosterone levels and aggression in adolescent males: a casual analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 50, 261-271. Paikoff, R.L., Brooks-Gunn, J., (1990). Associations between pubertal hormones and behavioural and affective expression. In C.S. Holmes (Ed.), Psychoneuroendoctrinology: brain, behaviour, and hormonal interactions (pp. 205-226). New York: Springer-Verlag. Ramirez, J.M. (2003). Hormones and aggression in childhood and adolescence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 621–644 Rosenzweig, M.R., Breedlove, S.M., Leiman, A.L. (2002). Biological Psychology. MA: Sinauer Associates. Schaal, B., Tremblay, R. E., Soussignan, R., Susman, E. J. (1996). Male testosterone linked to high social dominance but low physical aggression in early adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(10), 1322–1330. van Goozen, S. H., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gispen-de Wied, C., Wiegant, V. M., van Engeland, H. (1998). Salivary cortisol and cardiovascular activity during stress in oppositional-defiant disorder boys and normal controls. Biological Psychiatry, 43(7), 531–539. van Goozen, S. H., van den Ban, E., Matthys, W., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Thijssen, J. H., van Engeland, H. (2000). Increased adrenal androgen functioning in children with oppositional defiant disorder: A comparison with psychiatric and normal controls. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,  39(11), 1446–1451. Virkkunen, M., and Linnoila, M. (1993). Brain serotonin, type II alcoholism and impulsive violence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 11, 163-169. Wingfield, J. C., Ball, G. F., Dufty, A. M., Hegner, R. E., et al. (1987). Testosterone and aggression in birds. American Scientist, 75, 602-608.

Worlds of History by Kevin Reilly :: essays research papers

Worlds of History by Kevin Reilly Response to: From Hominids to Human Beings, From Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, Women and the Agricultural Revolution, From Hammurabi’s Code, From the Upanishads: Karma and Reincarnation, and From the Upanishads: Brahman and Atman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Societies of today are very different from the first civilizations. Pre-historic cultures depended on the cooperation of its people to live. Today, however, everyone is dependent on money. Even though the main focus of each story was distinctly different, they all had a similar view on society. They all felt that cooperation was essential to the survival of their community. From Hominids to Human Beings revealed how the people of pre-historic civilizations interacted. Pre-historic man was a forager, a hunter-gatherer. They traveled in bands of about twenty-five people and used only transient camps. â€Å"The band, not the nuclear family was the principal social unit.† (Matossian, pg 13). Every member of the band worked together to obtain food. The adults taught the children to be responsive to others needs and share the food with the group. Frans de Waal, a researcher at the Yerkes Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, traced this behavior back to chimpanzees. â€Å"Chimpanzee groups consist of caring, sharing individuals who form self-policing networks† (pg 13). Despite this fact, chimps share food only when it is to their advantage and cheat whenever they can get away with it. When the cheaters are identified, food is withheld in the next windfall. Nisa, from From Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, feels extremely jealous of her newborn brother, Kumsa, and often makes him cry. Nisa felt she wasn’t being paid enough attention to and deprived her brother of milk by nursing. Nisa leaves to live with her grandmother after being berated several times for stealing. She thought that was what her mother wanted, but when she returned her parents told her they wanted her to be with them. â€Å"Yes, even your mother wanted you and missed you.† (Shostak, pg 28).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later in the story, Nisa’s father arranges a marriage. At that time women were married when they were still young girls. As a result, they were often scared of their husbands and a woman would sleep between the newly married couple. A woman named Nukha layed between Nisa and Bo to show her that she had nothing to be afraid of. Nukha and Bo would bump in Nisa while making love, but Nisa didn’t say anything. Worlds of History by Kevin Reilly :: essays research papers Worlds of History by Kevin Reilly Response to: From Hominids to Human Beings, From Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, Women and the Agricultural Revolution, From Hammurabi’s Code, From the Upanishads: Karma and Reincarnation, and From the Upanishads: Brahman and Atman   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Societies of today are very different from the first civilizations. Pre-historic cultures depended on the cooperation of its people to live. Today, however, everyone is dependent on money. Even though the main focus of each story was distinctly different, they all had a similar view on society. They all felt that cooperation was essential to the survival of their community. From Hominids to Human Beings revealed how the people of pre-historic civilizations interacted. Pre-historic man was a forager, a hunter-gatherer. They traveled in bands of about twenty-five people and used only transient camps. â€Å"The band, not the nuclear family was the principal social unit.† (Matossian, pg 13). Every member of the band worked together to obtain food. The adults taught the children to be responsive to others needs and share the food with the group. Frans de Waal, a researcher at the Yerkes Primate Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, traced this behavior back to chimpanzees. â€Å"Chimpanzee groups consist of caring, sharing individuals who form self-policing networks† (pg 13). Despite this fact, chimps share food only when it is to their advantage and cheat whenever they can get away with it. When the cheaters are identified, food is withheld in the next windfall. Nisa, from From Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman, feels extremely jealous of her newborn brother, Kumsa, and often makes him cry. Nisa felt she wasn’t being paid enough attention to and deprived her brother of milk by nursing. Nisa leaves to live with her grandmother after being berated several times for stealing. She thought that was what her mother wanted, but when she returned her parents told her they wanted her to be with them. â€Å"Yes, even your mother wanted you and missed you.† (Shostak, pg 28).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Later in the story, Nisa’s father arranges a marriage. At that time women were married when they were still young girls. As a result, they were often scared of their husbands and a woman would sleep between the newly married couple. A woman named Nukha layed between Nisa and Bo to show her that she had nothing to be afraid of. Nukha and Bo would bump in Nisa while making love, but Nisa didn’t say anything.

Beatles & Rolling Stones

The Sixties had been defined by the events of the decade namely the Space Program, the war in Vietnam, the movement against it and the youth counterculture behind the movement also collectively categorized under sex, drugs and rock & roll. Of all the musical bands that emerged during the sixties, the Beatles was the most dominant. They became the precursors of the British invasion of America.Quickly following on their heels was the Rolling Stones. David Leaf, in his book about the Beach Boys, remarked that the decade called The Sixties actually started only in 1964 when the Beatles arrived in America.It ended, however, in 1969 during the Rolling Stones free concert in Altamont, California when an African-American man was killed by a member of Hell’s Angels as Mick Jagger sang â€Å"Under my Thumb† (cited in Curtis, 111-112). American music still held sway over popular music even in Britain. Most bands were playing cover music or renditions of existing American songs. Th e Beatles were no different. However, what set them apart was that they were also writing their own songs. This was highly unusual at that time.In the United States, this was not an entirely new thing as Bob Dylan had already begun to introduce the power of the lyrics, but it was the Beatles that made rock and roll accessible to the masses and made it popular yet still retain its sense of anti-establishment that appealed to the youth. Their music exuded a sense of fun. Their instinct in releasing the catchy song I Want to Hold Your Hand as their debut record to the American market proved to be correct. The Americans were still reeling from the depression wrought by the assassination of the President John F.Kennedy and the song brought back the smiles. Their song’s melody had a way of attaching itself to your psyche. While you may forget what the rest of the lyrics are, the chorus simply stays. They used this same formula with their follow up single She Loves You and one can s imply not sing yeah, yeah, yeah in their head. This effect came to be known as â€Å"Beatlemania. † Their film A Hard Day’s Night is now often referred to as the very first music video. The mania is evident from the statistics. In February 1964, â€Å"I Want To Hold Your Hand† became the first Beatles record to top the U.S. singles charts. In the same month, the group's appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS attracted the largest ever television audience of more than 73 million or 60 per cent of all U. S. viewers. By the end of March, they held the top five positions in the singles charts (and also had six of the top ten singles in Canada). Their first coast-to-coast U. S. tour, in August and September, saw them â€Å"perform before more people than any other artists in the history of American pop music–including Elvis Presley† (Rayl and Gunther 3).The Wall Street Journal estimated that by the end of the year Americans would spend more than $50 million on sales of Beatle-related merchandise (McCabe and Schonfeld 66) (cited in Inglis, 93). The John Lennon-Paul McCartney collaboration proved to be unbeatable. One made up for what the other lacked. Their producer, George Martin, likewise had a hand in the reinvention of the pop rock sound with creative approaches to recording. They were among the first to incorporate various sounds such as‘Classical' musicians onto ‘pop' records, (in one case, a whole orchestra), and incorporated studio accidents such as feedback, twisted tapes, and random lyrics into their songs to create a new kind of music which put a premium on creativity†¦The Beatles set a standard of excellence in the writing and recording of British popular music which legions of pop idols have been striving to emulate ever since. They made pop music artistically respectable (Karwowski, 281). The Rolling Stones broke into the music scene with the help of Beatlemania and their first manager, Andrew Loog Oldham.Their music influence was primarily the blues especially that of Muddy Waters whom they honored with their choice of band name but Oldham saw them instead as the antithesis to the Beatles. They were going to sell music and sex. Oldham saw that that a need for an alternative sound was forthcoming and he needed to position his band just right. Still maintaining that they were a blues outfit, Mick Jagger was said to have made a remark in 1962, â€Å"I hope they don't think we're a rock and roll outfit† (Curtis, 209).Today, they have emerged as the world’s greatest rock and roll band. Ironically, the Rolling Stones first hit recording was a composition by Lennon and McCartney, I Wanna be Your Man which was released as a single on November 1, 1963 while it was made a part of an album by the Beatles which was released on November 23, 1963. Regardless, the style was markedly different. The Beatles played what the British called Beat Music, and the Rolling Stones were blues-based. As the Beatles were spreading Beatlemania in America, the Rolling Stones were going to number one in England.It was not long, however, that at the suggestion of Oldham, the Rolling Stones were writing their own songs and were able to establish their credentials with ‘Satisfaction' and ‘Jumping Jack Flash'. As the Beatles evolved to become studio recording artists, the Rolling Stones were live acts performing in marathon tours singing their own songs as well as covers of other people’s songs. According to Curtis, â€Å"‘Satisfaction’ is the first anthem of the sixties. This song defined the mid-sixties just as ‘Blowin' in the Wind’ defined the early sixties, and ‘Light My Fire’ defined the late sixties† (212).The Rolling Stones music added with Mick’s onstage performance which exuded overt sexuality, Keith’s rock solid guitar riff and Brian who could play any instrument given to him, they were a challenge to the establishment. It was their offstage behavior that sealed their reputation and appeal to the more radical proponents of the youth counterculture though they reject responsibility. As it was, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards had the ignominious record of being the first rock stars to be arrested on drug charges (Curtis 208-209).Dave Aguilar of the Watchband had a better explanation of the appeal of the rock bands especially over the women, â€Å"I'm convinced that just before practice sessions, 60s rock bands secreted pheromones detectable from outer space by the underage female species of Homo Erectus† (cited in Kauppila, 2005). By 1967, the war in Vietnam was intensifying and the hippie population was increasing. They were beads and flowers, smoked marijuana and â€Å"dropped acid. † The counterculture was clamoring for hard rock. In response, psychedelic music was produced.This was music that one cannot sing along or dance to. â€Å"It was loud and electronically distrotted, and often laced with mystic messages† (McWilliams & Miller, 70-71). Both the Beatles and the Rolling Stones profited from the popularity of this new sound. The Rolling Stones went head on with the Beatles with the release of ‘Their Satanic Majesties Request’ which was a pun on the British passport which contained the phrase Her Britannic Majesty Requests. It was a concept album that was an obvious response to the Beatles Sgt.Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club concept album. While the Beatles album was immensely successful, the Rolling Stones’ Majesties was a watershed in their career. The album was criticized for lacking â€Å"the irony and the gutsy, hard-driving rock that the Stones do well† while the Beatles was praised in using â€Å"ambience noise to create the fiction of a performance setting. The contrast between their styles was evident as well, â€Å"As opposed to the Beatles' cheerfulness in a music hall, the S tones offer decadence in a cabaret† (Curtis, 214-215).The music of the Beatles had transcended boundaries between classes and age groups more because of the beat and without regard to the veiled and dual messages contained in the lyrics, while the music of the Rolling Stones were more associated to the cultural subversion of the youth of the Sixties. Their style was more confrontational and more sensory-related and was thus used as a barrier against the rules of the adults. A criticism against them was that they represented the darker side of the age of love and freedom. Simon Frith pointed out that rock would eventually lead to violence because†¦rock can't just be consumed, but must be responded to like any other form of art-its tensions and contradictions engaged and reinterpreted into the listeners' experience. Such engagement is intellectual and moral, the results are enriching and can be disturbing†¦ The rock audience is not seen as a passive mass, consuming rec ords like cornflakes but as an active community making music into a symbol of solidarity and an inspiration for action (Whiteley, 87). With songs entitled ‘Jumpin' Jack Flash’, ‘Brown Sugar,’ ‘Midnight Rambler’ and ‘Sympathy for the Devi’, Frith was definitely referring to music of the Rolling Stones.Mick countered with a comment of his own. I don't understand the connection between music and violence. I just know that I get very aroused by music, but that it doesn't arouse me violently. I never went to a rock ‘n' roll show and wanted to smash windows or beat anybody up afterwards. I feel more sexual than actually physically violent (cited in Whiteley, 88). The incident at the Altamont concert in 1969 was unfortunate. While the violence was clearly motivated by deep-seated bigotry, it was attributed to rock music due to association by context.

How to Dispose of Mercury Safely

How to Dispose of Mercury Safely Mercury is an extremely toxic heavy metal. Though you might not have any mercury thermometers in your home, chances are good you have other items that contain mercury, such as fluorescent or other mercury-containing light bulbs, or mercury-containing thermostats. If you break a mercury thermometer, thermostat, or fluorescent bulb you need to be a lot more careful cleaning up the accident than you might think. Here are some things not to do, plus recommendations for the best way to clean up after a mercury release or spill. You can visit the US EPA site for additional help in cleaning up after an accident involving mercury. What Not to Do After a Mercury Spill Dont vacuum up the spill or breakage. This will release mercury into the air and greatly increase the level of contamination.Dont sweep up the mercury or broken glass with a broom. This breaks up the mercury into smaller drops, increasing its surface area so that more mercury gets into the air and spread around.Dont pour mercury down the drain. It can clog your plumbing and seriously pollute your septic system or the sewer system into which your plumbing drains.Dont wash mercury-contaminated clothing. This contaminates your washing machine, all of the other clothes in the load, and the water that is washed down the drain. If you use a clothes dryer afterward youre releasing mercury into the air and essentially poisoning yourself. By now you probably see a theme. Dont do anything that would spread the mercury or cause it to become airborne. Dont track it around on your shoes. Dont re-use any cloth or sponge that came in contact with the mercury, ever. Now that you have an idea of what to avoid, here are some steps to take. How to Dispose of a Broken Fluorescent Bulb Fluorescent bulbs and compact fluorescent bulbs contain small amounts of mercury. Heres what to do if you break a bulb: Clear the room of people, especially children, and pets. Do not allow children to help you clean up.Shut off the heater or air conditioner, is applicable. Open a window and allow the room to air out at least 15 minutes.Use a sheet of paper or cardboard to scoop up glass and metal pieces. Deposit the breakage into a glass jar with a lid or a sealable plastic bag.Use sticky tape to pick up the smaller pieces of debris. Drop the used tape into the jar or bag.While paper and tape should be sufficient to clean up breakage on a hard surface, you may need to vacuum a carpet or rug. Vacuum only after all visible remains have been cleaned up and then dispose of the bag or debris with the rest of the clean-up. If your vacuum has a canister, wipe it clean with damp paper towels and dispose of the used towels. If the break occurred over clothing or bedding, the material should be wrapped up and thrown away. Check with the waste disposal regulations where you live. Some places will allow you to throw away broken fluorescent bulbs with other trash while others have more stringent requirements for this type of waste disposal. Cleaning up a broken mercury thermometer is somewhat more involved, so Ill post those instructions separately.

economic impact of railways Essay Example

economic impact of railways Essay Example economic impact of railways Essay economic impact of railways Essay Hypotesis : Economic impact of Railways in India Railroads, therefore, became an inevitable option for the newly-developing giant in asia. As one of the pioneers in South Asia, india gave the needed performance for building a successful network of railroads and consequently this action has been one major factor in the process of fast economic development. Although former ruler, the great britian had already establish one for the colonial aims, india took reall good advantage of this already-perfected system of cheap and effective method of transportation. The theory explains us how firms gain leadership in the industry . Competitive advantage rests on the notion that cheap labor is ubiquitous and natural resources are not necessary for a good economy. Competitive advantage attempts to correct for this issue by stressing maximizing scale economies in goods and services that garner premium prices. Effective production is based on other complementary functions such as capital amount , cost efficiency and employment capacity . According to the competitive advantage theory, employer must find cheapest resource and employees for effective production . Michael Porter identified competitive advantage in two basic model: one thats cost advantage and differention dvantage . Cost advantage is based on using right resources and produce effectively . this strategy improves with globalization and technological developments so companies builds their plants near resources or find cheap labor to gain cost advantage among other firms in market . o they keep power in hand and shape marketing strategies accordingly . IN most countries the pattern of railway lines is determined by the geography (mountains, rivers, and coastal shape), and also reveals the countrys industrial and political history. Railways in Britain are strongly centred on London, which was the hub of finance and industrial enterprise when ost of the main lines were projected in the 1830s and 1840s. The routes link up seaports, coalfields, and big industri al cities. French railways radiate from Paris like the spokes of a wheel, but their biggest network of lines is in the industrial north and east. Belgium, on a railway map, looks like a mere continuation of France, for there are no geographical or political barriers between the two countries, and the French lines seem to run straight through Belgium. Many lines from both Paris and Berlin run straight to the frontier-between France and Germany; ever since the war of 1870 overnments of both countries have encouraged these strategic railways, to carry troops in the event of war. One of the queerest railway patterns in Europe is formed by the two main lines that run along the banks of the River Rhine, sometimes within sight of one another, for a distance of more than loo miles. This deep and wide river, carrying much small shipping, has few bridges. The big cities of Germany are spread so widely over the country that its railway system is based on several regional capitals. The main lines of Czechoslovakia and Western Poland still show the railway attern that was laid down when they were part of the German and Austrian Empires up till 1918. They are, therefore, centred on Berlin and Viena The main lines of north Italy, Joining industrial cities and receiving hydro-electric power from the Alps, are southern Italy has few industries. Swiss railways are notable for the bold engineering which has run main-line express routes through long mountain tunnels, and for the ingenious methods devised for steep climbing by mountain railways. The record railway height in Europe is reached by the Jungfrau railway, one station being 11,465 feet above sea-level. This line has a gauge of 1 metre (3 ft. in. , and climbs continuous gradients of 1 in 4 or 1 in 5 by the rack-and-pinion method. The highest through-route in Switzerland is the metre-gauge Bernina line, which rises to 7,400 feet; it climbs a gradient of 1 in 14 by the grip of ordinary wheels on plain rails. Of the total mileage of the railways of the world, nearly one-third 227,244 miles is in the U. S. A. The American lines are all privately owned by separate companies. In th e Eastern States the largest railways are the New York Central (11,000 miles) and the Pennsylvania Railroad (10,000 miles). Both connect New York with Chicago, the chief railway centre of the U. S. A. Following the race between two companies in the 1860s to link the Atlantic and Pacific coasts by rail several lines were laid across the Rocky Mountains. One railway, the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa F? ©, running between Chicago and Los Angeles, climbs the 7,600-foot Raton Pass across the Rockies. Another line rises to 9,000 feet to run through the Moffat tunnel. Although the less mountainous central and eastern States have a thick network of lines, thousands of square miles of the Western States are far from a railway. All the greatest heights that have been reached by railways are in South America, in the Andes mountains. The mineral wealth of the mountains has encouraged the building of many railways from the Pacific coast up to the highlands of Peru, Chile, and Bolivia. The most notable line is the Central, of Peru, which runs from Callao, the port of Lima. In one stretch of over 100 miles this railway zigzags up steep valleys on a continuous gradient of 1 in 25 and using twenty-one reversing stations; these are points at which a train, having no room to turn at the end of one climb, backs towards the next stage of its climb (see picture). This railway rises to a height of 15,806 feet above sea-level, having passed through a tunnel at 1 5,694 feet. Oxygen is carried for passengers who suffer from mountain sickness, or faintness caused by the thin air at a high altitude. Another railway in Peru takes passengers 12,500 feet up to Lake Titicaca. One railway, starting from Antofagasta in Chile, rises to 12,000 feet and does not drop below that level for 500 miles. A branch of this line attains at Montt the worlds record railway altitude of 1 5,817 feet all but level with the summit of Mont Blanc. These railways, except for the Central of Peru, are all of I-metre gauge. The Trans-Andine Railway, linking Argentine with Chile, had to use rack-and-pinion climbing methods on steep radients of 1 in 124. One of the most remarkable railway systems in the world is the Trans-Siberian Railway, which runs right across the U. S. S. R. in Asia. It is physically possible to travel by railway from Britain to China, with very few changes of train on the way, by taking the railway ferry from England to France and a Trans-Siberian train for the longest stage. Even if there were no political hindrances to free travel, a change of train would still have to be made at the western frontier of Russia, for the Russian track gauge is 3h inches wider than the European standard of 4 ft. h in. From Moscow to the end of the railway, Vladivostok on the Pacific, is a Journey of nearly 6,000 miles, taking 9 days in normal conditions, and forming the longest the line a train runs through Manchuria, connecting with a Chinese railway to Peking and other cities in the heart of China. Where the Trans-Siberian Railway reaches Lake Baykal in the mountains of central Asia, the engineers who built the line could not take it across the lake, which is 30 miles wide at its narrowest. For some years the trains were carried across the lake in ferries during the summer months; in winter he ice on the lake was thick enough to bear the weight of trains running on a railway track laid over it. Later, however, the two ends of the line were linked up by a permanent track laid round the shore of the lake. Australias greatest railway problem is that of gauges, as various States have gauges of 5 ft. 3 in. , 4 ft. 8h in. , and 3 ft. 6 in. Australia has the longest stretch of perfectly straight line in the world 328 miles across the Nullarbor Plain, an uninhabited wilderness withont a single tree. Yet within a few hours Journey the passenger finds himself in Flinders Street Station in Melbourne, which claims to be the busiest in the world, handling over 300,000 passengers daily. The biggest steel-arch railway bridge in the world is Sydney Harbour Bridge The thirteen main-line railways of India and Pakistan are owned by their governments. Roughly half their mileage is the broad 5 ft. 6 in. gauge, while other railways are 1 metre, 2 ft, 6 in. , and 2 foot. Famous mountain lines are the rack- and-pinion metre-gauge railway which reaches a height of 7,275 feet in the Nilgiri Hills, and the 2-foot-gauge Darjeeling-Himalaya Railway, rising to 7,407 feet at Ghoom.

Explain clearly what is understood by the meaning of Leadership. What Essay

Explain clearly what is understood by the meaning of Leadership. What is the distinction between Leadership and Management - Essay Example The paper will discuss certain leadership taxonomies and definitions and will also explore a few leadership theories in order to get an insight into leadership. The second part of the paper will strive to find out the main discrepancies between management and leadership and the reasons as to why both are assets to an organization. Both functions are complementary to each other and without the existence of any one of the two it becomes impossible for the other to perform effectively thereby impairing organizational growth. Contents Abstract 2 Contents 3 Introduction 4 Insights into leadership 5 Leadership theories 6 Leadership and management – a distinction 8 Conclusion 10 Reference 11 Introduction One of the most popular and discussed topic is leadership. Scholars have tried to define leadership in several manners. In an examination of 587 publications, at least 221 definitions of leadership had emerged. Leadership is the manner in which an individual induces aspects of respec t, obedience, cooperation and loyalty among followers. Leadership in the 1930s was considered to be an area where organizations had to move depending on specifications provided by the leader. The 40’s definition of leadership focussed on the constructs of power, authority, circumstances and position. The 1950s definition emphasized on the essentials of team building and the authority the leader commanded on team members. The 1960s definition of leadership influenced followers to shared goals and vision. The 1970s leadership definition viewed a leader to have discretionary powers and 1980s the leader inspired the followers to conduct meaningful activity. The 1990s defined leadership as a combined task accomplished by both followers and leader to make certain modifications impacting common purposes. The first ten years of the twenty first century witnessed the leader to be solely accountable and responsible for all activities conducted in an organization. From the above, it may be observed that there are certain themes in leadership. These are as follows: a) Leadership is not limited to senior management members or the top boss b) Leadership helps in excelling performance level in followers c) Management and leadership are two distinct constructs d) There is a humanistic and sensitive dimension to leadership e) Leaders need to apply a host of skills, capabilities, qualities thereby undertaking a holistic approach f) An individual who has expertise in implementing, initiating and anticipating change is a successful leader (Bass & Bass, 2008) Insights into leadership Leadership styles vary from person to person. However, the manner in which one may be able to aptly distinguish various leaders depends on the manner in which they act on logic. This is the skill to interpret and analyze surroundings especially when they are challenged by some external or internal issues. Academic scholars have observed that leaders who delved deep within them to develop and un derstand themselves can transform their own capabilities as well as the capabilities of the organization. The effectiveness of organizations mainly depends on coordinated leadership which stems from leaders having varied levels of hierarchy. Their skills help in impacting individuals, units, teams and the overall organizational results. Academic study on leadership has highlighted that leadership significantly impact units, teams and the entire organization. Although there is vast literature on the outcomes of effective

How does hip hop articulate black marginality in ways that are both Essay

How does hip hop articulate black marginality in ways that are both new to the contemporary city and consistent with African Ame - Essay Example To decode, audience members resort to values, norms and beliefs – root metaphors – tat they, the audience, and hold in order to make sense of the information communicated and their response is not only based on the intent of the communicator but also on the values in which the audience have also been socialised, (Hill, Simona, and Ramsaran, 2009, p. 17) The notion of bardic television is adapted and applied to the entire media hence the framing of the natural order of things in the world by providing a set of images so the audience members can locate themselves in the social stratification system. This is made so by providing justifications for the system of inequality, and by perpetuating images that reinforces the dominant culture/ideology while the exploration of the issues of race, class and gender is rooted in the historical development of the society. It considers the values and images that are important for the contemporary social stratification. Hiphop as well a s the media play a role in the reinforcement of these images that result in the perpetuation of the poser of the privileged. Many of the images that have been brought into the mainstream reinforce the old controlling images of minorities, women and the poor thus serving to perpetuate the system of domination and it fits well into the overall colour-blind ideology promoted to justify contemporary notions such as discrimination and inequality. In the 1980s, cultural and commercial forces united to forge an enduring place for hip hop within the African American popular culture as Tricia Rose (1994) argues that this point effectively as she observes that at the beginning of the urban hip hop, the rap stories continue to articulate the shifting terms of the black marginality in the contemporary American culture. On the one hand, some aspects of hip hop culture can challenge some marginalised ideologies such as racism and sexist stereotypes; however, those images sold by corporate America in hip hop culture increasingly reinforce many of the fundamental factors that further the entrenchment of marginality in America. The contradictory nature of the black male image that is brought into the mainstream culture by the highly commercialised hiphop culture challenges the system of traditions that were associated with racism, polite brutality and poverty while at the same time articulate the contemporary hegemonic values of the oversexed, violent black male. The very images that are now brought into the mainstream about black men can be traced to the ancient forged realities of the North American slavery periods. Black males are portrayed as violent, a threat to the society, and having an uncontrolled appetite for sex particularly with white women as the gangster and thug life perpetuated by the hip hop culture serves to portray those negative stereotypes of black males and despite the negative social impact, contemporary capitalism, with the use of the media, can market dimensions of thug life associated with the gear and mannerisms to suburban white youth for profit so that the youth can experience the other digitally. The performance of the rap artists becomes a vicarious and demonstrative event that captures supposed reality and reinforces